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  What Is Hops Extract?

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  A science-forward guide to the hop plant, concentrated extracts, bitter compounds, and what early research says about fullness-related signaling.

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  Hops extract is a concentrated preparation made from Humulus lupulus flowers. Learn how it is made, what compounds it contains, and what early research says about bitter hop extracts and fullness-related signaling.

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  What Is Hops Extract? Benefits, Compounds, and Research | MAKE Wellness

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  Learn what hops extract is, how it is made, which compounds it contains, and what early research says about bitter hop extracts, gut signaling, appetite, and safety.

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<div style="color:#565656;font-family:Inter,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-weight:300;line-height:1.78;margin:0 auto;max-width:760px;">

<aside style="background:#eef1eb;border:1px solid rgba(47,74,61,0.16);padding:32px 36px;margin:0 0 38px 0;">
  <p style="color:#2f4a3d;font-family:'IBM Plex Mono','Courier New',monospace;font-size:10px;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:2.4px;line-height:1.4;margin:0 0 12px 0;text-transform:uppercase;">Direct answer</p>
  <p style="margin:0;">Hops extract is a concentrated preparation made from the female flowers, or cones, of the hop plant (<em>Humulus lupulus</em>). Extracts can preserve different plant compounds depending on the raw material and extraction method. Hops are best known for brewing, but standardized extracts are also studied for their bitter acids, polyphenols, and possible effects on gut signaling, appetite, sleep, and stress.</p>
</aside>

<section style="background:#f5f4f0;border:1px solid #eceae6;margin:0 0 38px 0;padding:32px 36px;">
  <p style="color:#8a8a8a;font-family:'IBM Plex Mono','Courier New',monospace;font-size:10px;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:2.4px;line-height:1.4;margin:0 0 14px 0;text-transform:uppercase;">MAKE Wellness</p>
  <h2 style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:'Libre Caslon Text',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:42px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.14;margin:0 0 20px 0;">Key points</h2>
  <ul style="margin:0;padding-left:1.25em;">
    <li style="margin:0 0 12px 0;padding-left:0.25em;">Hops extract comes from the cone-like flowers of <em>Humulus lupulus</em>, not from beer itself.</li>
    <li style="margin:0 0 12px 0;padding-left:0.25em;">An extract is more concentrated than the whole dried flower, and different extracts can have meaningfully different chemical profiles.</li>
    <li style="margin:0 0 12px 0;padding-left:0.25em;">Important hop compounds include alpha acids, beta acids, prenylated flavonoids, and volatile oils.</li>
    <li style="margin:0 0 12px 0;padding-left:0.25em;">Early studies suggest that some bitter hop extracts may interact with bitter taste receptors in the digestive tract and influence gut hormones involved in appetite regulation.</li>
    <li style="margin:0;padding-left:0.25em;">The human evidence is still small and formulation-specific. Research on one standardized extract does not prove that every hops supplement has the same effect.</li>
  </ul>
</section>

<section style="border-top:1px solid #eceae6;margin-top:38px;padding-top:36px;">
  <h2 style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:'Libre Caslon Text',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:42px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.14;margin:0 0 20px 0;">What plant does hops extract come from?</h2>
  <p>Hops extract comes from <em>Humulus lupulus</em>, a climbing perennial plant in the Cannabaceae family. The part most commonly used is the mature female flower, often called a hop cone or hop strobile. These papery green structures contain yellow lupulin glands that produce many of the plant's aromatic and bitter compounds.</p>
  <p>In brewing, hops contribute bitterness, aroma, and microbial stability. In supplements and botanical preparations, manufacturers may use dried hop flowers, powdered hops, liquid extracts, or dry extracts. The European Medicines Agency describes hop extracts as preparations made by placing plant material in a solvent, such as ethanol, so selected compounds dissolve into the extract. <a href="#ref-4">[4]</a></p>
</section>

<section style="border-top:1px solid #eceae6;margin-top:38px;padding-top:36px;">
  <h2 style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:'Libre Caslon Text',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:42px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.14;margin:0 0 20px 0;">How is hops extract made?</h2>
  <p>The term "hops extract" does not describe one universal ingredient. It describes a category of preparations. Manufacturers may extract hops with water, ethanol, a mixture of water and ethanol, or other food-grade processes. The finished extract may then be concentrated, dried, encapsulated, or standardized to a target group of compounds.</p>

  <h3 style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:'Libre Caslon Text',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:25px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.25;margin:34px 0 12px 0;">Why extraction method matters</h3>
  <p>Plant compounds differ in how readily they dissolve. A water-based extract may not capture the same profile as a hydroalcoholic extract. Processing conditions can also change unstable bitter acids or volatile oils. For that reason, two products can both list "hops extract" while delivering different concentrations and different biological activity.</p>

  <h3 style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:'Libre Caslon Text',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:25px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.25;margin:34px 0 12px 0;">What does "standardized" mean?</h3>
  <p>A standardized extract is manufactured to contain a defined amount or range of one or more marker compounds. Standardization improves batch-to-batch consistency, but it does not automatically establish that the ingredient is effective. The label should identify the plant name, plant part, extract amount, and any stated standardization whenever that information is available.</p>
</section>

<section style="border-top:1px solid #eceae6;margin-top:38px;padding-top:36px;">
  <h2 style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:'Libre Caslon Text',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:42px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.14;margin:0 0 20px 0;">What compounds are found in hops extract?</h2>
  <p>Hops contain a complex mixture of phytochemicals. The exact composition depends on the hop variety, growing conditions, plant part, storage, and extraction process.</p>

  <div style="border:1px solid #eceae6;margin:28px 0 34px 0;overflow-x:auto;width:100%;">
    <table style="border-collapse:collapse;min-width:680px;width:100%;">
      <thead>
        <tr>
          <th scope="col" style="background:#3e5b4a;color:#ffffff;font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.35;padding:14px 16px;text-align:left;">Compound group</th>
          <th scope="col" style="background:#3e5b4a;color:#ffffff;font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.35;padding:14px 16px;text-align:left;">Examples</th>
          <th scope="col" style="background:#3e5b4a;color:#ffffff;font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.35;padding:14px 16px;text-align:left;">Why researchers study them</th>
        </tr>
      </thead>
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td style="border-top:1px solid #eceae6;color:#1a1a1a;font-size:14px;font-weight:600;line-height:1.55;padding:16px;vertical-align:top;">Bitter acids</td>
          <td style="border-top:1px solid #eceae6;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;padding:16px;vertical-align:top;">Alpha acids and beta acids</td>
          <td style="border-top:1px solid #eceae6;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;padding:16px;vertical-align:top;">They create much of hops' characteristic bitterness and may activate bitter taste receptors.</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="background:#fafafa;border-top:1px solid #eceae6;color:#1a1a1a;font-size:14px;font-weight:600;line-height:1.55;padding:16px;vertical-align:top;">Prenylated flavonoids</td>
          <td style="background:#fafafa;border-top:1px solid #eceae6;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;padding:16px;vertical-align:top;">Xanthohumol and related compounds</td>
          <td style="background:#fafafa;border-top:1px solid #eceae6;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;padding:16px;vertical-align:top;">They are studied for antioxidant and cell-signaling properties, mostly in laboratory and preclinical research.</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="border-top:1px solid #eceae6;color:#1a1a1a;font-size:14px;font-weight:600;line-height:1.55;padding:16px;vertical-align:top;">Volatile oils</td>
          <td style="border-top:1px solid #eceae6;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;padding:16px;vertical-align:top;">Myrcene, humulene, and caryophyllene</td>
          <td style="border-top:1px solid #eceae6;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;padding:16px;vertical-align:top;">They contribute aroma and vary greatly by hop variety and processing.</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="background:#fafafa;border-top:1px solid #eceae6;color:#1a1a1a;font-size:14px;font-weight:600;line-height:1.55;padding:16px;vertical-align:top;">Other polyphenols</td>
          <td style="background:#fafafa;border-top:1px solid #eceae6;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;padding:16px;vertical-align:top;">Flavonoids and phenolic acids</td>
          <td style="background:#fafafa;border-top:1px solid #eceae6;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;padding:16px;vertical-align:top;">They contribute to the broader phytochemical profile of the plant.</td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
  </div>
</section>

<section style="border-top:1px solid #eceae6;margin-top:38px;padding-top:36px;">
  <h2 style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:'Libre Caslon Text',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:42px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.14;margin:0 0 20px 0;">Is hops extract the same as hops in beer?</h2>
  <p>No. Beer may be brewed with hops, but hops extract is an isolated botanical ingredient. A supplement does not need to contain alcohol, malt, or the other ingredients used to make beer. It may also provide a more concentrated and controlled amount of selected hop compounds than a typical food or beverage serving.</p>
  <p>It is also important not to infer a supplement's effects from beer consumption. Alcohol has its own physiological effects and health risks, so beer is not a substitute for a standardized botanical extract.</p>
</section>

<section style="border-top:1px solid #eceae6;margin-top:38px;padding-top:36px;">
  <h2 style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:'Libre Caslon Text',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:42px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.14;margin:0 0 20px 0;">Why is hops extract used in supplements?</h2>
  <p>Hops have a long history of use in brewing and traditional herbal preparations. Modern supplements use hops for several different purposes, including sleep or relaxation support and, more recently, research into digestive bitter sensing and appetite-related signaling. These uses may involve different extracts and should be evaluated separately.</p>

  <h3 style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:'Libre Caslon Text',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:25px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.25;margin:34px 0 12px 0;">Traditional use for rest and relaxation</h3>
  <p>European herbal references recognize traditional use of hop flower preparations for mild symptoms of mental stress and to aid sleep. "Traditional use" means the application is supported by a history of use and plausible safety, not by the same level of evidence required for a drug approval. Products are often combined with other botanicals, which can make the contribution of hops difficult to isolate. <a href="#ref-4">[4]</a></p>

  <h3 style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:'Libre Caslon Text',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:25px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.25;margin:34px 0 12px 0;">Emerging research on fullness-related signaling</h3>
  <p>The digestive tract contains receptors that detect nutrients and other chemical signals. Among them are bitter taste receptors, also called TAS2Rs. These receptors are not limited to the tongue. Some are present on enteroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract, where they can participate in the release of signaling molecules involved in digestion, glucose regulation, and appetite. <a href="#ref-5">[5]</a><a href="#ref-6">[6]</a></p>
</section>

<section style="border-top:1px solid #eceae6;margin-top:38px;padding-top:36px;">
  <h2 style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:'Libre Caslon Text',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:42px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.14;margin:0 0 20px 0;">How may bitter hops relate to fullness?</h2>
  <p>Researchers have proposed that bitter compounds from hops may activate bitter taste receptors in the stomach or small intestine. In response, enteroendocrine cells may alter the release of gut hormones such as cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY (PYY). These hormones participate in meal-related signaling, but their biology is complex and a change in a laboratory measurement does not automatically translate into meaningful long-term weight loss. <a href="#ref-5">[5]</a><a href="#ref-6">[6]</a></p>

  <h3 style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:'Libre Caslon Text',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:25px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.25;margin:34px 0 12px 0;">What did the human research find?</h3>
  <p>In a 2022 randomized, double-blind crossover trial, 19 healthy-weight men received placebo or 500 milligrams of a specific bitter hop extract delivered to the stomach or small intestine. Both hop conditions reduced total energy eaten at an unrestricted lunch and snack compared with placebo and changed several gut-hormone responses. However, participants did not report a significant improvement in subjective appetite, and gastrointestinal discomfort increased slightly. Some more pronounced gastrointestinal symptoms occurred with gastric delivery. <a href="#ref-1">[1]</a></p>
  <p>A 2024 randomized crossover study tested a branded bitter hop preparation during a 24-hour fast in 30 women. Two doses reduced reported appetite and cravings compared with placebo. A small number of participants reported loose stools or heartburn. This study evaluated acute fasting conditions, not everyday use or long-term weight management. <a href="#ref-3">[3]</a></p>

  <h3 style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:'Libre Caslon Text',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:25px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.25;margin:34px 0 12px 0;">What laboratory studies add</h3>
  <p>A 2024 cell study found that a hydroalcoholic hop extract rich in alpha and beta acids activated bitter taste receptor pathways and increased secretion of GLP-1 and CCK in an intestinal cell model. This helps explain a possible mechanism, but cell studies cannot establish how a supplement will affect people in real-world conditions. <a href="#ref-2">[2]</a></p>

  <aside style="background:#f5f4f0;border:1px solid #eceae6;padding:28px 32px;margin:34px 0;">
    <p style="color:#2f4a3d;font-family:'IBM Plex Mono','Courier New',monospace;font-size:10px;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:2.4px;line-height:1.4;margin:0 0 12px 0;text-transform:uppercase;">What the evidence does and does not show</p>
    <p style="margin:0;">The current evidence suggests a plausible gut-signaling mechanism and short-term effects for certain bitter hop extracts. It does not establish that every hops extract suppresses appetite, produces weight loss, or works the same way at every dose. Larger and longer independent trials are needed.</p>
  </aside>
</section>

<section style="border-top:1px solid #eceae6;margin-top:38px;padding-top:36px;">
  <h2 style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:'Libre Caslon Text',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:42px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.14;margin:0 0 20px 0;">Are hops extract and GLP-1 medications the same thing?</h2>
  <p>No. A botanical extract that may influence the body's normal gut signaling is not equivalent to a prescription GLP-1 receptor agonist. Prescription medications are purified drugs with defined pharmacology, doses, clinical indications, safety monitoring, and regulatory approval. Hops extract should not be described as "natural Ozempic" or presented as a replacement for medical treatment.</p>
</section>

<section style="border-top:1px solid #eceae6;margin-top:38px;padding-top:36px;">
  <h2 style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:'Libre Caslon Text',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:42px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.14;margin:0 0 20px 0;">What should you look for on a hops extract label?</h2>
  <ul>
    <li>The full botanical name: <em>Humulus lupulus</em>.</li>
    <li>The plant part used, ideally the female flower, cone, or strobile.</li>
    <li>The amount of extract per serving.</li>
    <li>The extraction ratio or solvent, when disclosed.</li>
    <li>Any standardization to bitter acids or another marker compound.</li>
    <li>Other active ingredients in the formula.</li>
    <li>Third-party quality testing or transparent manufacturing information.</li>
  </ul>
  <p>A milligram amount alone is not enough to compare products. A concentrated standardized extract may differ substantially from powdered whole hops or a different extract made with another process.</p>
</section>

<section style="border-top:1px solid #eceae6;margin-top:38px;padding-top:36px;">
  <h2 style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:'Libre Caslon Text',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:42px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.14;margin:0 0 20px 0;">Is hops extract safe?</h2>
  <p>Safety depends on the extract, dose, product formulation, and the person using it. In the appetite studies described above, reported issues included nausea, bloating, abdominal discomfort, loose stools, and heartburn. Hops may also have sedating effects in some preparations and may add to the effects of alcohol, sleep aids, or other sedating substances. <a href="#ref-1">[1]</a><a href="#ref-3">[3]</a><a href="#ref-4">[4]</a></p>
  <p>People who are pregnant or breastfeeding, take medications, have a hormone-sensitive condition, or are managing a medical condition should ask a qualified healthcare professional before using a hops supplement. Product labels and professional guidance should take priority over general educational information.</p>
</section>

<section style="border-top:1px solid #eceae6;margin-top:38px;padding-top:36px;">
  <h2 style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:'Libre Caslon Text',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:42px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.14;margin:0 0 20px 0;">How hops extract fits into a wellness formula</h2>
  <p>An ingredient should be evaluated in the context of its exact form, dose, delivery system, and the rest of the formula. MAKE uses hops extract in LEAN as part of a broader approach to metabolic and fullness support. As with any botanical, the relevance of the research depends on how closely the studied ingredient and dose match the ingredient used in the finished formula.</p>
</section>

<section style="border-top:1px solid #eceae6;margin-top:38px;padding-top:36px;">
  <h2 style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:'Libre Caslon Text',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:42px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.14;margin:0 0 20px 0;">Frequently asked questions</h2>

  <h3 style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:'Libre Caslon Text',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:25px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.25;margin:34px 0 12px 0;">Does hops extract contain alcohol?</h3>
  <p>Not necessarily. Many hops extracts are made with a solvent during processing, but the finished dry extract can be alcohol-free. Check the product specification or label.</p>

  <h3 style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:'Libre Caslon Text',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:25px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.25;margin:34px 0 12px 0;">Does hops extract make you sleepy?</h3>
  <p>Some hop flower preparations have a history of use for relaxation and sleep, but effects depend on the formulation and dose. A hops extract developed for bitter compounds or digestive delivery may not be the same as a sleep-focused extract.</p>

  <h3 style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:'Libre Caslon Text',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:25px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.25;margin:34px 0 12px 0;">Can hops extract reduce cravings?</h3>
  <p>One small acute study in fasting women reported reduced appetite and cravings with a specific branded bitter hop preparation. That finding should not be generalized to every extract or interpreted as proof of long-term weight loss. <a href="#ref-3">[3]</a></p>

  <h3 style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:'Libre Caslon Text',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:25px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.25;margin:34px 0 12px 0;">Is hops extract a peptide?</h3>
  <p>No. Hops extract is a botanical preparation. It may influence the release of peptide hormones made by the body, such as GLP-1, CCK, or PYY, but the extract itself is not a peptide.</p>

  <h3 style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:'Libre Caslon Text',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:25px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.25;margin:34px 0 12px 0;">How quickly does hops extract work?</h3>
  <p>The available appetite studies measured acute effects over hours or during a single fasting period. They do not establish a universal onset time for commercial supplements.</p>

  <h3 style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:'Libre Caslon Text',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:25px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.25;margin:34px 0 12px 0;">Who should avoid hops extract?</h3>
  <p>Anyone with a relevant medical condition, medication interaction concern, pregnancy or breastfeeding status, or sensitivity to sedating botanicals should seek professional guidance before use.</p>
</section>

<section style="background:#1a1a1a;color:#ffffff;padding:32px;margin:42px 0;">
  <h2 style="color:#ffffff;font-family:'Libre Caslon Text',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:42px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.14;margin:0 0 20px 0;">The bottom line</h2>
  <p style="color:#ffffff;margin-bottom:0;">Hops extract is a concentrated preparation from the female flowers of <em>Humulus lupulus</em>. Its chemistry can include bitter acids, flavonoids, and aromatic compounds, but no two extracts should be assumed identical. Early human and laboratory research suggests that certain bitter hop extracts may engage gut taste receptors and influence appetite-related hormones. The evidence is promising, formulation-specific, and not yet strong enough to support broad weight-loss claims.</p>
</section>

<section style="border-top:1px solid #eceae6;margin-top:38px;padding-top:36px;">
  <h2 style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:'Libre Caslon Text',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:42px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.14;margin:0 0 20px 0;">Read next</h2>
  <p>Hops Extract and Fullness: a focused guide to bitter taste receptors, enteroendocrine cells, GLP-1, CCK, PYY, and the limits of current human research.</p>
</section>

<section style="border-top:1px solid #eceae6;margin-top:38px;padding-top:36px;">
  <h2 style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:'Libre Caslon Text',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:42px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.14;margin:0 0 20px 0;">References</h2>
  <ol>
    <li id="ref-1">Walker EG, et al. "An extract of hops (<em>Humulus lupulus</em> L.) modulates gut peptide hormone secretion and reduces energy intake in healthy-weight men: a randomized, crossover clinical trial." <em>American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</em>. 2022;115(3):925-940. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab418. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab418" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">View source</a></li>
    <li id="ref-2">Lela L, et al. "<em>Humulus lupulus</em> L.: Evaluation of Phytochemical Profile and Activation of Bitter Taste Receptors to Regulate Appetite and Satiety in Intestinal Secretin Tumor Cell Line (STC-1 Cells)." <em>Molecular Nutrition &amp; Food Research</em>. 2024;68(21):e2400559. doi:10.1002/mnfr.202400559. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.202400559" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">View source</a></li>
    <li id="ref-3">"Gastrointestinal delivery of bitter hop extract reduces appetite and food cravings in healthy adult women undergoing acute fasting." <em>Obesity Pillars</em>. 2024. PMID: 39071168. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39071168/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">View source</a></li>
    <li id="ref-4">European Medicines Agency. "Lupuli flos: herbal medicinal product." Overview and European Union herbal monograph materials for <em>Humulus lupulus</em> L., flos. <a href="https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/lupuli-flos" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">View source</a></li>
    <li id="ref-5">Reimann F, Gribble FM. "Cellular mechanisms of incretin hormone secretion." <em>Journal of Molecular Endocrinology</em>. 2024;72(3). PMCID: PMC10959011. <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10959011/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">View source</a></li>
    <li id="ref-6">Sternini C, Anselmi L, Rozengurt E. "Enteroendocrine cells: a site of taste in gastrointestinal chemosensing." <em>Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity</em>. 2008;15(1):73-78. PMCID: PMC2943060. <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2943060/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">View source</a></li>
  </ol>
</section>

<aside style="background:#fafafa;border:1px solid #eceae6;padding:28px 32px;margin-top:40px;">
  <h2 style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:'Libre Caslon Text',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:32px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.14;margin:0 0 20px 0;">Medical disclaimer</h2>
  <p style="margin-bottom:0;">This article is for educational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. It is not a substitute for individualized medical advice. Consult a qualified healthcare professional before starting a new supplement, especially if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, take medication, or have a medical condition.</p>
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